World History Middle Ages Test Answers

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  Moreover, it was the Catholic Church that maneuvered military expeditions to Jerusalem, commonly known as the Crusades, during the late 11th century. The on and off crusades lasted until the end of the 15th century which brought European culture to...
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  Lords and Barons swore their oath of fealty to the king. Groups of craftsmen called guilds also emerged during this period. Each guild had specialties and was able to move up the social ladder through hard work. Some examples were guild for weavers,...
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  In , Edward the Confessor, King of England died without any heir. The dispute ended with the Battle of Hastings which killed King Harold and crowned William as the new king. Ecclesiastical structures including cathedrals and monasteries were built in Romanesque style 13th to 15th century with rounded masonry arches and barrel vaults. By , Gothic style in architecture was seen in cathedrals like the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis in France characterized by huge stained-glass windows and pointed vaults and arches. In addition to building structures, religious frescoes and mosaics dominated church interiors. Most forms of art during this period was influenced by the Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic styles. Themes in sculpture, painting, metal work, engraving, manuscripts, and windows often depicted Catholic subjects and figures. Artists included Donatello, Giotto, Lorenzetti, and di Giuseppe.
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• European Science In The Middle Ages
  Moreover, literature was often written by monks and clerics with themes about god and in a form of hymns and songs. Middle Ages Worksheets This is a fantastic bundle which includes everything you need to know about Middle Ages across 21 in-depth pages. These are ready-to-use Middle Ages worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about the Middle Ages, or Medieval period, which lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.
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• Introduction To The Middle Ages
  Further information: History of science in classical antiquity As Roman imperial power effectively ended in the West during the 5th century, Western Europe entered the Middle Ages with great difficulties that affected the continent's intellectual production dramatically. Most classical scientific treatises of classical antiquity written in Greek were unavailable, leaving only simplified summaries and compilations. Nonetheless, Roman and early medieval scientific texts were read and studied, contributing to the understanding of nature as a coherent system functioning under divinely established laws that could be comprehended in the light of reason. This study continued through the Early Middle Ages, and with the Renaissance of the 12th century , interest in this study was revitalized through the translation of Greek and Arabic scientific texts. Scientific study further developed within the emerging medieval universities, where these texts were studied and elaborated, leading to new insights into the phenomena of the universe.
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• World History - Middle Ages - MCQs With Answers -Part 4
  These advances are virtually unknown to the lay public of today, partly because most theories advanced in medieval science are today obsolete , and partly because of the caricature of Middle Ages as a supposedly " Dark Age " which placed "the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity. Even under the Roman Empire, Latin texts drew extensively on Greek work, some pre-Roman, some contemporary; while advanced scientific research and teaching continued to be carried on in the Hellenistic side of the empire, in Greek. Late Roman attempts to translate Greek writings into Latin had limited success. Most scientific inquiry came to be based on information gleaned from sources which were often incomplete and posed serious problems of interpretation. Latin-speakers who wanted to learn about science only had access to books by such Roman writers as Calcidius , Macrobius , Martianus Capella , Boethius , Cassiodorus , and later Latin encyclopedists.
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• Middle Ages
  Much had to be gleaned from non-scientific sources: Roman surveying manuals were read for what geometry was included. De-urbanization reduced the scope of education and by the 6th century teaching and learning moved to monastic and cathedral schools , with the center of education being the study of the Bible. In the 7th century, learning began to emerge in Ireland and the Celtic lands, where Latin was a foreign language and Latin texts were eagerly studied and taught. They lived in an atmosphere which provided little institutional support for the disinterested study of natural phenomena.
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• The Story Of The World Vol. 2: The Middle Ages, Test Book
  The study of nature was pursued more for practical reasons than as an abstract inquiry: the need to care for the sick led to the study of medicine and of ancient texts on drugs, [7] the need for monks to determine the proper time to pray led them to study the motion of the stars, [8] the need to compute the date of Easter led them to study and teach rudimentary mathematics and the motions of the Sun and Moon. The chief scientific aspect of Charlemagne's educational reform concerned the study and teaching of astronomy, both as a practical art that clerics required to compute the date of Easter and as a theoretical discipline.
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• World History
  Institutionally, these new schools were either under the responsibility of a monastery , a cathedral or a noble court. The scientific work of the period after Charlemagne was not so much concerned with original investigation as it was with the active study and investigation of ancient Roman scientific texts. High Middle Ages AD — [ edit ] See also: Renaissance of the 12th century , Latin translations of the 12th century , and Medieval technology The translation of Greek and Arabic works allowed the full development of Christian philosophy and the method of scholasticism. Beginning around the year , European scholars built upon their existing knowledge by seeking out ancient learning in Greek and Arabic texts which they translated into Latin. They encountered a wide range of classical Greek texts, some of which had earlier been translated into Arabic, accompanied by commentaries and independent works by Islamic thinkers.
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• World History Quiz: Middle Ages To Modern Period
  They started a new infrastructure which was needed for scientific communities. This period also saw the birth of medieval universities , which benefited materially from the translated texts and provided a new infrastructure for scientific communities. Some of these new universities were registered as an institution of international excellence by the Holy Roman Empire , receiving the title of Studium Generale. Most of the early Studia Generali were found in Italy , France , England , and Spain , and these were considered the most prestigious places of learning in Europe.
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  This list quickly grew as new universities were founded throughout Europe. As early as the 13th century, scholars from a Studium Generale were encouraged to give lecture courses at other institutes across Europe and to share documents, and this led to the current academic culture seen in modern European universities. The rediscovery of the works of Aristotle allowed the full development of the new Christian philosophy and the method of scholasticism. By there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of Aristotle, Euclid , Ptolemy , Archimedes , and Galen —that is, of all the intellectually crucial ancient authors except Plato. Also, many of the medieval Arabic and Jewish key texts, such as the main works of Avicenna , Averroes and Maimonides now became available in Latin. During the 13th century, scholastics expanded the natural philosophy of these texts by commentaries associated with teaching in the universities and independent treatises.
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• World History - Middle Ages - MCQs With Answers - Part 6
  Scholastics believed in empiricism and supporting Roman Catholic doctrines through secular study, reason, and logic. The most famous was Thomas Aquinas later declared a " Doctor of the Church " , who led the move away from the Platonic and Augustinian and towards Aristotelianism although natural philosophy was not his main concern. Meanwhile, precursors of the modern scientific method can be seen already in Grosseteste's emphasis on mathematics as a way to understand nature and in the empirical approach admired by Roger Bacon. Optical diagram showing light being refracted by a spherical glass container full of water from Roger Bacon, De multiplicatione specierum. Grosseteste was the founder of the famous Oxford Franciscan school. He built his work on Aristotle's vision of the dual path of scientific reasoning.
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• Volume 2: The Middle Ages
  Concluding from particular observations into a universal law, and then back again: from universal laws to prediction of particulars. Grosseteste called this "resolution and composition". Further, Grosseteste said that both paths should be verified through experimentation in order to verify the principals. These ideas established a tradition that carried forward to Padua and Galileo Galilei in the 17th century.
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• Middle Ages Music Quizlet
  Under the tuition of Grosseteste and inspired by the writings of Arab alchemists who had preserved and built upon Aristotle 's portrait of induction , Bacon described a repeating cycle of observation , hypothesis , experimentation , and the need for independent verification. He recorded the manner in which he conducted his experiments in precise detail so that others could reproduce and independently test his results - a cornerstone of the scientific method , and a continuation of the work of researchers like Al Battani. Bacon and Grosseteste conducted investigations into optics , although much of it was similar to what was being done at the time by Arab scholars.
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• ESSAY QUESTIONS FOR WORLD HISTORY MIDDLE AGES TEST
  Bacon did make a major contribution to the development of science in medieval Europe by writing to the Pope to encourage the study of natural science in university courses and compiling several volumes recording the state of scientific knowledge in many fields at the time. He described the possible construction of a telescope , but there is no strong evidence of his having made one. Late Middle Ages AD — [ edit ] The first half of the 14th century saw the scientific work of great thinkers. The logic studies by William of Occam led him to postulate a specific formulation of the principle of parsimony, known today as Occam's razor. This principle is one of the main heuristics used by modern science to select between two or more underdetermined theories, though it is only fair to point out that this principle was employed explicitly by both Aquinas and Aristotle before him.
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• Feudalism In The Middle Ages
  As Western scholars became more aware and more accepting of controversial scientific treatises of the Byzantine and Islamic Empires these readings sparked new insights and speculation. The works of the early Byzantine scholar John Philoponus inspired Western scholars such as Jean Buridan to question the received wisdom of Aristotle 's mechanics. Buridan developed the theory of impetus which was a step towards the modern concept of inertia. Buridan anticipated Isaac Newton when he wrote: Galileo 's demonstration of the law of the space traversed in case of uniformly varied motion — as Oresme had demonstrated centuries earlier. Thomas Bradwardine and his partners, the Oxford Calculators of Merton College, Oxford , distinguished kinematics from dynamics , emphasizing kinematics, and investigating instantaneous velocity.
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• Middle Ages Review
  They formulated the mean speed theorem : a body moving with constant velocity travels distance and time equal to an accelerated body whose velocity is half the final speed of the accelerated body. They also demonstrated this theorem—the essence of "The Law of Falling Bodies"—long before Galileo , who has gotten the credit for this. Despite this argument in favor of the Earth's motion, Oresme fell back on the commonly held opinion that "everyone maintains, and I think myself, that the heavens do move and not the earth.
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• The Middle Ages Quiz | 10 Questions
  Although characteristically leaving the door open for the possibility of direct divine intervention, they frequently expressed contempt for soft-minded contemporaries who invoked miracles rather than searching for natural explanations. The University of Paris cleric Jean Buridan a. In the fourteenth century the natural philosopher Nicole Oresme ca. When came the Black Death of , it sealed a sudden end to the previous period of scientific progress. The plague killed a third of the people in Europe, especially in the crowded conditions of the towns, where the heart of innovations lay. Recurrences of the plague and other disasters caused a continuing decline of population for a century. Renaissance 15th century [ edit ] Leonardo da Vinci 's Vitruvian Man. The 15th century saw the beginning of the cultural movement of the Renaissance.
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• High Middle Ages Test Study Guide
  The rediscovery of Greek scientific texts, both ancient and medieval, was accelerated as the Byzantine Empire fell to the Ottoman Turks and many Byzantine scholars sought refuge in the West, particularly Italy. Also, the invention of printing was to have great effect on European society: the facilitated dissemination of the printed word democratized learning and allowed a faster propagation of new ideas. When the Renaissance moved to Northern Europe that science would be revived, by figures as Copernicus , Francis Bacon , and Descartes though Descartes is often described as an early Enlightenment thinker, rather than a late Renaissance one. Byzantine and Islamic influences[ edit ] Byzantine interactions[ edit ] Byzantine science played an important role in the transmission of classical knowledge to the Islamic world and to Renaissance Italy , and also in the transmission of medieval Arabic knowledge to Renaissance Italy.
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• Everyday Life In The Middle Ages Test Questions
  Its rich historiographical tradition preserved ancient knowledge upon which splendid art , architecture , literature and technological achievements were built. Byzantine scientists preserved and continued the legacy of the great Ancient Greek mathematicians and put mathematics in practice. In late Byzantium 9th to 12th century mathematicians like Michael Psellos considered mathematics as a way to interpret the world. John Philoponus , a Byzantine scholar in the s, was the first person to systematically question Aristotle's teaching of physics. The Byzantine Empire initially provided the medieval Islamic world with Ancient Greek texts on astronomy and mathematics for translation into Arabic.
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• The Story Of The World: History For The Classical Child - Volumes 1-4
  There were also some Byzantine scientists who used Arabic transliterations to describe certain scientific concepts instead of the equivalent Ancient Greek terms such as the use of the Arabic talei instead of the Ancient Greek horoscopus. Byzantine science thus played an important role in not only transmitting ancient Greek knowledge to Western Europe and the Islamic world, but in also transmitting Islamic knowledge to Western Europe. Byzantine scientists also became acquainted with Sassanid and Indian astronomy through citations in some Arabic works.
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• Free World History Flashcards About Middle Ages
  First book printed in the western world. Which Italian diplomat was the author of "The Prince? Marco Polo went over land to what region? Who coined the term Utopia, meaning the ideal and perfect society? The end of the Roman empire is said to have taken place in what year? What great document gave English citizens more power in government over the king? What was the main reason for the Crusades? Give 2 possible results of the Crusades. What is the Black Death also referred to as? What punishments could result in doing what? In AD, what famous battle for the island of Britain took place? What was the inquisition? Don't use comma between each answer
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• European Science In The Middle Ages - Wikipedia
  The Middle Ages in Europe Search for: Medieval Life Feudalism Feudalism was a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that was determined by the ownership of land. Learning Objectives Recall the structure of the feudal state and the responsibilities and obligations of each level of society Key Takeaways Key Points Feudalism flourished in Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries. Feudalism in England determined the structure of society around relationships derived from the holding and leasing of land, or fiefs. In England, the feudal pyramid was made up of the king at the top with the nobles, knights, and vassals below him. Before a lord could grant land to a tenant he would have to make him a vassal at a formal ceremony. This ceremony bound the lord and vassal in a contract. While modern writers such as Marx point out the negative qualities of feudalism, such as the exploitation and lack of social mobility for the peasants, the French historian Marc Bloch contends that peasants were part of the feudal relationship; while the vassals performed military service in exchange for the fief, the peasants performed physical labour in return for protection, thereby gaining some benefit despite their limited freedom.
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• Middle Ages Facts & Worksheets
  Key Terms mesne tenant: A lord in the feudal system who had vassals who held land from him, but who was himself the vassal of a higher lord. Overview Feudalism was a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. It can be broadly defined as a system for structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land, known as a fiefdom or fief, in exchange for service or labour.
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• Middle Ages Facts, Worksheets, Events, Culture & Traditions For Kids
  The classic version of feudalism describes a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility, revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs. A lord was in broad terms a noble who held land, a vassal was a person who was granted possession of the land by the lord, and a fief was what the land was known as.
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• Middle Ages Study Guide, Test, And Answer Key
  In exchange for the use of the fief and the protection of the lord, the vassal would provide some sort of service to the lord. There were many varieties of feudal land tenure, consisting of military and non-military service. The obligations and corresponding rights between lord and vassal concerning the fief formed the basis of the feudal relationship. Feudalism, in its various forms, usually emerged as a result of the decentralization of an empire, especially in the Carolingian empires, which lacked the bureaucratic infrastructure necessary to support cavalry without the ability to allocate land to these mounted troops. Mounted soldiers began to secure a system of hereditary rule over their allocated land, and their power over the territory came to encompass the social, political, judicial, and economic spheres.
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• Quiz: Middle Ages - Entertainment
  Many societies in the Middle Ages were characterized by feudal organizations, including England, which was the most structured feudal society, France, Italy, Germany, the Holy Roman Empire, and Portugal. Each of these territories developed feudalism in unique ways, and the way we understand feudalism as a unified concept today is in large part due to critiques after its dissolution. Karl Marx theorized feudalism as a pre-capitalist society, characterized by the power of the ruling class the aristocracy in their control of arable land, leading to a class society based upon the exploitation of the peasants who farm these lands, typically under serfdom and principally by means of labour, produce, and money rents.
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• History/Geography
  While modern writers such as Marx point out the negative qualities of feudalism, the French historian Marc Bloch contends that peasants were an integral part of the feudal relationship: while the vassals performed military service in exchange for the fief, the peasants performed physical labour in return for protection, thereby gaining some benefit despite their limited freedom. Feudalism was thus a complex social and economic system defined by inherited ranks, each of which possessed inherent social and economic privileges and obligations. Feudalism allowed societies in the Middle Ages to retain a relatively stable political structure even as the centralized power of empires and kingdoms began to dissolve.
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• Top 50 Middle Ages History Questions Answers Quiz
  Structure of the Feudal State in England Feudalism in 12th-century England was among the better structured and established systems in Europe at the time. Below the king in the feudal pyramid was a tenant-in-chief generally in the form of a baron or knight , who was a vassal of the king. Holding from the tenant-in-chief was a mesne tenant —generally a knight or baron who was sometimes a tenant-in-chief in their capacity as holder of other fiefs. Below the mesne tenant, further mesne tenants could hold from each other in series. Vassalage Before a lord could grant land a fief to someone, he had to make that person a vassal. This was done at a formal and symbolic ceremony called a commendation ceremony, which was composed of the two-part act of homage and oath of fealty.
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• Medieval Times
  During homage, the lord and vassal entered into a contract in which the vassal promised to fight for the lord at his command, while the lord agreed to protect the vassal from external forces. Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne: Roland right receives the sword, Durandal, from the hands of Charlemagne left. From a manuscript of a chanson de geste, c. Once the commendation ceremony was complete, the lord and vassal were in a feudal relationship with agreed obligations to one another. Using whatever equipment the vassal could obtain by virtue of the revenues from the fief, he was responsible for answering calls to military service on behalf of the lord. This security of military help was the primary reason the lord entered into the feudal relationship.
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• World History - Middle Ages - MCQs With Answers - Part 2
  At the level of the manor this might be a fairly mundane matter of agricultural policy, but could also include sentencing by the lord for criminal offenses, including capital punishment in some cases. These are only examples; depending on the period of time and location in Europe, feudal customs and practices varied. Power in this period became more personal and decentralized. The Manor System The manor system was an element of feudal society in the Middle Ages characterized by the legal and economic power of the lord of a manor. Learning Objectives Illustrate the hierarchy of the manor system by describing the roles of lords, villeins, and serfs Key Takeaways Key Points The lord of a manor was supported by his land holdings and contributions from the peasant population. Serfs who occupied land belonging to the lord were required to work the land, and in return received certain entitlements.
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• Holt World History
  Serfdom was the status of peasants in the manor system, and villeins were the most common type of serf in the Middle Ages. Villeins rented small homes with or without land; as part of their contract with the lord they were expected to spend some time working the land. The manor system was made up of three types of land: demesne, dependent, and free peasant land. Key Terms villein: The most common type of serf in the Middle Ages. They had more rights and a higher status than the lowest serf, but existed under a number of legal restrictions that differentiated them from freemen. It was a condition of bondage that developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe. Manorialism was an essential element of feudal society and was the organizing principle of rural economy that originated in the villa system of the Late Roman Empire. Manorialism was widely practiced in medieval Western Europe and parts of central Europe, and was slowly replaced by the advent of a money-based market economy and new forms of agrarian contract.
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• Europe In The Early Middle Ages | HIST | Douglas College
  Manorialism was characterized by the vesting of legal and economic power in the lord of a manor. The lord was supported economically from his own direct landholding in a manor sometimes called a fief , and from the obligatory contributions of the peasant population who fell under the jurisdiction of the lord and his court. These obligations could be payable in several ways: in labor, in kind, or, on rare occasions, in coin. The main reason for the development of the system was perhaps also its greatest strength: the stabilization of society during the destruction of Roman imperial order. With a declining birthrate and population, labor was the key factor of production. Successive administrations tried to stabilize the imperial economy by freezing the social structure into place: sons were to succeed their fathers in their trade, councilors were forbidden to resign, and coloni, the cultivators of land, were not to move from the land they were attached to.
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• World History: Ancient And Medieval Eras - ABC-CLIO Solutions - ABC-CLIO
  The workers of the land were on their way to becoming serfs. As the Germanic kingdoms succeeded Roman authority in the West in the 5th century, Roman landlords were often simply replaced by Gothic or Germanic ones, with little change to the underlying situation or displacement of populations. Thus the system of manorialism became ingrained into medieval societies. The Manor System Manors each consisted of three classes of land: Demesne, the part directly controlled by the lord and used for the benefit of his household and dependents; Dependent serf or villein holdings carrying the obligation that the peasant household supply the lord with specified labor services or a part of its output; and Free peasant land, without such obligation but otherwise subject to manorial jurisdiction and custom, and owing money rent fixed at the time of the lease.
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• The Middle Ages - Test Review | World History - Quizizz
  Additional sources of income for the lord included charges for use of his mill, bakery, or wine-press, or for the right to hunt or to let pigs feed in his woodland, as well as court revenues and single payments on each change of tenant. On the other side of the account, manorial administration involved significant expenses, perhaps a reason why smaller manors tended to rely less on villein tenure.
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