Tuesday 25 May 2021

Anatomy Chapter 10 Mastery Test Answers


  • We work on the same principles here. When will you get resources? The resources will be delivered to you within 2 hours after the payment has been made. We will send it through the email you have contacted us with. How to unzip files if some the...
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  • Key Concepts After completing this chapter, you will be able to Outline the process of cultural evolution and explain how it has increased the carrying capacity for the human population. Describe the growth of the human population during the past...
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  • The per-capita impact is related to both the lifestyles of individual people and the level of technological development of their society. These both affect the use of natural resources, the production of wastes, and the degradation of ecosystems see also Chapter 1. The growth of the human population during the past several millennia is a remarkable phenomenon, and its scale may be unprecedented during the history of life on Earth. This inference is based on the following observations: the population growth has been sustained over a long period of time an extraordinarily large abundance has already been achieved there has been a similarly impressive population growth of species that live in a close, mutualist relationship with humans, such as cows, pigs, chickens, and agricultural plants, which have their own cumulative environmental impacts a remarkable variety of species and ecosystems is being exploited as natural resources to support the human enterprise Image The human population is growing rapidly and now numbers more than 7 billion.
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  • Much of this damage has resulted in a large reduction in the carrying capacity for people and their enterprise. Moreover, natural ecosystems have been severely reduced in area, a change that is causing a massive loss of innumerable other species see Chapter In its totality, this damage already represents a global environmental crisis, and it is still worsening. Regrettably, the impressive growth of the human enterprise through cultural evolution has largely been achieved by reducing the ability of the biosphere to support most other species and natural ecosystems.
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  • It is important to understand that the increasing size of the human population is not, on its own, the root cause of the environmental crisis. The rapid escalation of per-capita resource use and waste production is at least as important. Nevertheless, However, a sustainable resolution of the environmental crisis cannot be achieved if the explosive growth of the human population is not dealt with. In this chapter we examine the remarkable changes that have occurred in the abundance of people during the past 10, or so years, and how cultural evolution has further increased the intensity of resource use.
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  • These people roamed the landscape in small family groups, searching for food and other necessities and using simple weapons and tools made of bone, stone, wood, and other natural materials.
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  • AP Biology is generally taken by students in their third or fourth year of high school; it offers rigorous coverage of several biological concepts and principles that are only briefly addressed in High School Biology. Courses in AP Biology usually culminate in the AP Biology exam, which is designed to evaluate subject mastery on a standardized scale. Whether you need top Biology tutors in Albany , Biology tutors in Cleveland , or top Biology tutors in Houston , working with a pro may take your studies to the next level. Topics covered in AP Biology are numerous and diverse, and include cell biology, molecular concepts, systems biology, and ecology.
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  • Most AP Biology classes focus on cell biology first, teaching structures and functions, cell division, cellular respiration, and the central dogma. The central dogma deviates into some molecular biological concepts, as students must become familiar with proteins and nucleic acid sequences associated with DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Students will also become familiar with the organization and characteristics of organisms, learning the biology of plants, fungi, bacteria, and viruses, as well as the biology of humans and animals. Several physiological systems are covered in the AP Biology curriculum, including the nervous, musculoskeletal, respiratory, excretory, and immune systems.
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  • Most physiology tested in AP Biology remains on the general level, and very few specific proteins or pathways are tested. The remainder of AP Biology consists of genetics, evolution, and ecology. Students should be prepared to analyze phylogenetic relationships, food webs, inheritance patterns, and symbiotic interspecies relationships. Familiarity with famous theorists, such as Darwin, Mendel, and Lamarck, may be required when learning about these topics.
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  • Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and population genetics will also be tested. Finally, it is essential that students have a strong understanding of experimental setup and analysis techniques. Questions on the AP Biology exam will frequently ask students to analyze the results of a given experimental setup. The AP Biology exam is divided into two sections. The first section consists of 63 multiple-choice questions and 6 mathematical grid-in responses. The multiple-choice questions are mostly independent of one another, but sometimes draw information and concepts from the same given figure or data. Grid-in responses are often based on graphical representations of data, requiring students to perform calculations in order to analyze the information presented.
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  • There are 8 questions in the free response section, with each question generally containing 2 to 5 individual parts. Timing for the free response section includes 10 minutes of dedicated reading time, during which students may review the presented data, but may not enter any responses. Following this period, you will have 80 minutes to complete the free response section.
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  • Each AP Biology Practice Test question includes a detailed explanation of how to arrive at the correct answer, so make sure to pay attention to the explanation of any questions you miss so can learn from any mistakes you make. It can help to begin your review by taking one of the complete practice tests, as the feedback you get on the results page can assist you as you create a personalized AP Biology study plan.
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  • The results from the free full-length online tests include the same helpful metrics you get on the shorter, topic-focused practice tests. Take one of our many AP Biology practice tests for a run-through of commonly asked questions. You will receive incredibly detailed scoring results at the end of your AP Biology practice test to help you identify your strengths and weaknesses. Pick one of our AP Biology practice tests now and begin! Practice Tests by Concept.
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  • Derrickson About The phenomenally successful Principles of Anatomy and Physiology continues to set the discipline standard with the 15th edition. The new edition of Principles of Anatomy and Physiology combines exceptional content and outstanding visuals for a rich and comprehensive classroom experience. Enhanced for a digital delivery, the 15th edition, gives students the ability to learn and explore anatomy and physiology both inside and outside of the classroom. Wiley can help ease this burden put upon instructors, and also help students develop skills, like reading, studying, and critical thinking, increasing their ability to be successful in the classroom.
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  • WileyPLUS Learning Space also contains powerful resources, which help students interact with anatomy and physiology at their fingertips. The 15th edition contains 5 all new animations. PowerPhys 3. The activities focus on core physiological concepts and reinforce techniques experienced in the lab. Real Anatomy 2. Using Real Anatomy, students can interact and practice with a real cadaver as much as they need from the comfort of their own computer. Unit I: Organization of the Human Body 1. An Introduction to the Human Body 2. The Chemical Level of Organization 3. The Cellular Level of Organization 4. The Tissue Level of Organization 5. The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue 7.
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  • By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe the location and position of the heart within the body cavity Describe the internal and external anatomy of the heart Identify the tissue layers of the heart Relate the structure of the heart to its function as a pump Compare systemic circulation to pulmonary circulation Identify the veins and arteries of the coronary circulation system Trace the pathway of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood thorough the chambers of the heart The cardiovascular system is a closed system if the heart and blood vessels.
    Link: https://mun.ca/undergrad/fyi/FYI-20-21.pdf
  • The heart pumps blood through a closed system of blood vessels. Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body. Arteries usually colored red because oxygen rich, carry blood away from the heart to capillaries within the tissues. Veins usually colored blue because oxygen poor, carry blood to the heart from the capillaries. Capillaries are the smallest vessels within the tissues where gas exchange take place. The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues and remove carbon dioxide and wastes products. The vital importance of the heart is obvious. If one assumes an average rate of contraction of 75 contractions per minute, a human heart would contract approximately , times in one day, more than 39 million times in one year, and nearly 3 billion times during a year lifespan.
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  • Each of the major pumping chambers of the heart ejects approximately 70 mL blood per contraction in a resting adult. This would be equal to 5. Over one year, that would equal 10,, liters or 2. In order to understand how that happens, it is necessary to understand the anatomy and physiology of the heart. Location of the Heart The human heart is located within the thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs in the space known as the mediastinum. Figure 1 shows the position of the heart within the thoracic cavity. Within the mediastinum, the heart is separated from the other mediastinal structures by a tough membrane known as the pericardium, or pericardial sac, and sits in its own space called the pericardial cavity. The dorsal surface of the heart lies near the bodies of the vertebrae, and its anterior surface sits deep to the sternum and costal cartilages.
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  • The great veins, the superior and inferior venae cavae, and the great arteries, the aorta and pulmonary trunk, are attached to the superior surface of the heart, called the base. The base of the heart is located at the level of the third costal cartilage, as seen in Figure 1. The inferior tip of the heart, the apex, lies just to the left of the sternum between the junction of the fourth and fifth ribs near their articulation with the costal cartilages. The right side of the heart is deflected anteriorly, and the left side is deflected posteriorly. It is important to remember the position and orientation of the heart when placing a stethoscope on the chest of a patient and listening for heart sounds, and also when looking at images taken from a midsagittal perspective.
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  • The slight deviation of the apex to the left is reflected in a depression in the medial surface of the inferior lobe of the left lung, called the cardiac notch. Figure 1. The heart is located within the thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs in the mediastinum. It is about the size of a fist, is broad at the top, and tapers toward the base. Everyday Connection: CPR The position of the heart in the torso between the vertebrae and sternum see the image above for the position of the heart within the thorax allows for individuals to apply an emergency technique known as cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR if the heart of a patient should stop.
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  • By applying pressure with the flat portion of one hand on the sternum in the area between the lines in the image below , it is possible to manually compress the blood within the heart enough to push some of the blood within it into the pulmonary and systemic circuits. This is particularly critical for the brain, as irreversible damage and death of neurons occur within minutes of loss of blood flow. If you are unfamiliar with this song, you can likely find a version of it online. At this stage, the emphasis is on performing high-quality chest compressions, rather than providing artificial respiration. CPR is generally performed until the patient regains spontaneous contraction or is declared dead by an experienced healthcare professional. When performed by untrained or overzealous individuals, CPR can result in broken ribs or a broken sternum, and can inflict additional severe damage on the patient.
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  • It is also possible, if the hands are placed too low on the sternum, to manually drive the xiphoid process into the liver, a consequence that may prove fatal for the patient. Proper training is essential. This proven life-sustaining technique is so valuable that virtually all medical personnel as well as concerned members of the public should be certified and routinely recertified in its application. CPR courses are offered at a variety of locations, including colleges, hospitals, the American Red Cross, and some commercial companies.
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  • They normally include practice of the compression technique on a mannequin. Figure 2. If the heart should stop, CPR can maintain the flow of blood until the heart resumes beating. By applying pressure to the sternum, the blood within the heart will be squeezed out of the heart and into the circulation. Proper positioning of the hands on the sternum to perform CPR would be between the lines at T4 and T9. Visit the American Heart Association website to help locate a course near your home in the United States. There are also many other national and regional heart associations that offer the same service, depending upon the location. Shape and Size of the Heart The shape of the heart is similar to a pinecone, rather broad at the superior surface and tapering to the apex.
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  • A typical heart is approximately the size of your fist: 12 cm 5 in in length, 8 cm 3. Given the size difference between most members of the sexes, the weight of a female heart is approximately — grams 9 to 11 ounces , and the weight of a male heart is approximately — grams 11 to 12 ounces. The heart of a well-trained athlete, especially one specializing in aerobic sports, can be considerably larger than this. Cardiac muscle responds to exercise in a manner similar to that of skeletal muscle. That is, exercise results in the addition of protein myofilaments that increase the size of the individual cells without increasing their numbers, a concept called hypertrophy. Hearts of athletes can pump blood more effectively at lower rates than those of nonathletes. Enlarged hearts are not always a result of exercise; they can result from pathologies, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The cause of an abnormally enlarged heart muscle is unknown, but the condition is often undiagnosed and can cause sudden death in apparently otherwise healthy young people.
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  • Chambers and Circulation through the Heart The human heart consists of four chambers: The left side and the right side each have one atrium and one ventricle. The ventricles serve as the primary pumping chambers of the heart, propelling blood to the lungs or to the rest of the body. There are two distinct but linked circuits in the human circulation called the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Although both circuits transport blood and everything it carries, we can initially view the circuits from the point of view of gases.
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  • The pulmonary circuit transports blood to and from the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and delivers carbon dioxide for exhalation. The systemic circuit transports oxygenated blood to virtually all of the tissues of the body and returns relatively deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the heart to be sent back to the pulmonary circulation. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk, which leads toward the lungs and bifurcates into the left and right pulmonary arteries.
    Link: https://web.pa.msu.edu/courses/2002summer/PHY232/practice_exam%203.pdf
  • These vessels in turn branch many times before reaching the pulmonary capillaries, where gas exchange occurs: Carbon dioxide exits the blood and oxygen enters. The pulmonary trunk arteries and their branches are the only arteries in the post-natal body that carry relatively deoxygenated blood. Highly oxygenated blood returning from the pulmonary capillaries in the lungs passes through a series of vessels that join together to form the pulmonary veins—the only post-natal veins in the body that carry highly oxygenated blood. The pulmonary veins conduct blood into the left atrium, which pumps the blood into the left ventricle, which in turn pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta and on to the many branches of the systemic circuit.
    Link: https://docsity.com/en/final-exam-answer-key-calculus-for-physical-scientists-i-math-160/6157294/
  • Understanding the flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits is critical to all health professions. Figure 3. Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, where it is pumped into the pulmonary circuit. The blood in the pulmonary artery branches is low in oxygen but relatively high in carbon dioxide. Gas exchange occurs in the pulmonary capillaries oxygen into the blood, carbon dioxide out , and blood high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide is returned to the left atrium.
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